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SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATION OF THE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL IN TAJIKISTAN

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SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATION OF THE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL IN TAJIKISTAN

Abdullaev S.F., Azizova Sh.M., Abdulloeva S. J., Kholmurodov M.

Institute of Physics and Technology named after. S.U. Umarov

Introduction. According to the standards of the World Health Organization ( WHO ), almost 90% of the world's population lives in places with hazardous air quality. A database collected in 91 countries at 1,600 stations shows that only 12% of the world's population lives in countries that meet the WHO air quality standard [ 1-12]. One of the best indicators of air quality is the content of aerosol atmospheric particles in the atmosphere smaller than 10 micrometers in size and designated as

PM10. Their mass concentration in the atmosphere is expressed in μg/m3 . The presence of such substances in the atmosphere as cement, dust, smoke, ash and soot, as well as the presence of such chemical elements as fluorine, mercury, lead, arsenic, zinc, etc. can be considered the main pollutants of the atmosphere.

Exploration, extraction and processing of mineral resources have become one of the main factors in the industrial development of the Central Asian region, which has contributed to the emergence of a large number of mining and industrial enterprises that have significantly affected the environmental situation in the region as a whole.

From the point of view of the environmental situation, it is important to pay special attention to the presence of pollutants in the environment, among which it is necessary to highlight such as radionuclides, organic substances of synthetic production, carbon and a number of its derivatives, pesticides, metals, phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur and others. Determining the degree of pollution and its spatial and temporal variation in the atmosphere are closely related to solving environmental problems. Protecting the atmosphere from harmful impurities has become one of the important and urgent environmental problems of our time [1-12].

Content of heavy metals in soils and

atmospheric aerosol

Fig. 1 and Fig. 3 show the experimental results of variations in the amount of metals in the collected samples in the atmosphere of Dushanbe, as well as in the soils of the southern, central and northern parts of Tajikistan. In the precipitation of atmospheric samples during dust invasions in the territory of the southern, central and northern regions of Tajikistan, as well as in the roots and leaves of the medicinal plant dandelion.

Figure 1. Contents of Sr, MnO, Cr, V (a) and Pb, As, Cu (b) in the samples

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The content of strontium in dust is 1.7 times higher than in atmospheric precipitation, and 2.3 times higher than in roots and leaves. The amount of lead in dust is 2 times higher than in soil, and 3-4 times higher than in dandelion leaves and roots. The content of arsenic in soil is 2-4 times higher, and 30 times higher than in roots and 360 times higher than in leaves.

The amount of zinc in the atmosphere is 18 times greater than in dust, 236 times greater than in soil, 327 times greater than in roots, and 387 times greater than in leaves. The copper content in dust is 3 times greater than in soil, 17 times greater than in roots, and 9 times greater than in leaves. The nickel content in soil and dust is 2 times greater than in the atmosphere and 10 times less than in dandelion roots and leaves.

Figure 2. Content of Zn in samples

               The cobalt content in the atmosphere is 2 times higher than in the soil, dust and dandelion leaves. The iron content in the soil and dust is 2 times higher than in the atmosphere and dandelion.

Figure 3. Content of Ni, Co (a) and Fe 2 O 3 , TiO 2 (b) in the samples

               The manganese content in the soil is 5-7 times higher than in the atmosphere, 3-4 times higher than in dust and 7 times higher than in dandelion. The chromium and titanium content is almost the same in all samples. The vanadium content in the atmosphere is 4-5 times higher than in soil, dust and dandelion. It should be noted that high values of metal content in the atmosphere are apparently associated with emissions from thermal power plants, the private sector, housing and communal services and motor transport.

Distribution of chemical elements in the atmosphere of Dushanbe.

Let us dwell on the spatial-temporal variation of pollutants and their mass concentration in the atmosphere of Dushanbe, and also examine the monthly and seasonal variations of pollutants in the region as a whole. This problem is mainly considered and defined from the point of view of protecting the atmosphere from harmful impurities.

Based on experimental data from the atmospheric monitoring station in Dushanbe, using a sampler, important results were obtained and studied on the qualitative and quantitative composition of atmospheric aerosol collected in the atmosphere of Dushanbe, as well as in the atmosphere and precipitation of the southern, central and northern regions of Tajikistan.

Silicon. In aerosol samples in Dushanbe in 2014, silicon content ranged from 0.745 μg/m3 to 53.788 μg/m3 with  an average value of 16.799 μg/m3 , with its maximum value determined during the DS (dust storm) period . Monthly and seasonal variations in silicon content in aerosol samples revealed that the maximum value was reached in July and September, although seasonal variations indicate a monotonous decline from summer to winter.

Aluminum. In aerosol samples in Dushanbe, the aluminum content ranges from 0.453 μg/m3 to 24.460 μg/m3 with  an average value of 7.678 μg/m3 , with its maximum value determined during the DS period. The maximum value, as in the case of silicon, is reached in July and September, although seasonal variations indicate a monotonous decline from summer to winter.

Iron [13-16]. In aerosol samples in Dushanbe, the iron content ranges from 0.278 μg/m3 to 20.426 μg/m3 with  an average value of 4.685 μg/m3 , with the maximum value detected during the DS period. The maximum value was detected in July and September, although seasonal variations indicate a monotonous increase from summer to autumn and then a decline until winter. The maximum iron value was detected for May, August and September, and in the annual course the maximum was recorded in 2007. The iron content in atmospheric precipitation in the northern regions of Tajikistan is much higher than in its southern and central parts , which is possibly determined by pollution from operating plants and factories in the region.

Calcium. In aerosol samples in Dushanbe, the calcium content ranges from 0.405 μg/m3 to 37.653 μg/m3 with  an average value of 9.563 μg/m3 , with the maximum value determined during the DS period. The maximum value was established in July and September, seasonal variations indicate almost the same value in summer and autumn and then a decline until winter.

Sodium [17-21]. In aerosol samples in Dushanbe, the sodium content ranges from 1.137 μg/m3 to 25.050 μg/m3 with  an average value of 7.268 μg/m3 , with the maximum value determined during the DS period. There is a monotonous increase from July to September, and then a decline, seasonal variations indicate an increase in the value from summer to autumn and then a decline until winter.

Potassium. In aerosol samples in Dushanbe, the potassium content ranges from 0.498 μg/m3 to 6.003 μg/m3 with  an average value of 2.514 μg/m3 , with the maximum value determined during the DS period. A monotonous decline is observed from July to August, then an increase until September, and then a monotonous decline, seasonal variations indicate a linear decline from summer to autumn and a monotonous decline until winter.

Magnesium. In aerosol samples in Dushanbe, magnesium content is estimated from 0.005 μg/m3 to 2.564 μg/m3 with an average value of 0.806 μg/m3 , with the maximum value determined during the DS period. A monotonous decline is observed from July to December with some dip in August, seasonal variations indicate a parabolic decline from summer to winter.

Titanium [18-20]. In aerosol samples in Dushanbe, the titanium content ranges from 0.017 μg/m3 to 1.355 μg/m3 with an  average value of 0.376 μg/m3 , with the maximum value determined during the DS period and a monotonous decline from July to December with some dip in August, seasonal variations indicate a linear decline from summer to autumn and then a monotonous decline until winter. The maximum titanium value was detected for August, and in the annual course, the maximum titanium value was recorded in 2009 (for the study period 2007-2015). The titanium content in atmospheric precipitation in the northern part of Tajikistan is much less than in its southern and central regions, which may be determined by the operation of factories and plants in these regions.

Chlorine. In aerosol samples in Dushanbe, the chlorine content ranges from 0.119 μg/m3 to 6.091 μg/m3 with  an average value of 1.173 μg/m3 , with the maximum value determined during the DS  period. An imperceptible increase was revealed from July to October, and then a sharp increase until December, seasonal changes indicate a parabolic increase from summer to winter.

Sulfur. In aerosol samples in Dushanbe, sulfur content ranges from 0.541 μg/m3 to 5.475 μg/m3with  an average value of 1.694 μg/m3 , with the maximum value determined during the DS  period. An inconspicuous increase from July to October, then a sharp increase until November, and then a decline until December, seasonal variations indicate a linear increase from summer to winter.

Rubidium . In aerosol samples in Dushanbe, the rubidium content ranges from 0.002 μg/m3 to 0.094 μg/m3 with an average value of 0.003 μg/m3 , with the maximum value determined during the DS period. A downward trend was found from July to December, with a strong dip in August, seasonal variations indicate a linear increase from summer to autumn, and then a decline until winter.

Chromium [21-24]. In the soil of Tajikistan the chromium content ranges from 48 ppm to 130 ppm with an average value of 104 ppm. In the atmosphere with dust haze the chromium content is estimated from 6.6 ppm to 115 ppm with an average value of 100 ppm. In aerosol samples in the city of Dushanbe the chromium content ranges from 0.001 to 0.008 μg/m3 with an average value of 0.002 μg/m3 . The concentration variations are complex: the downward trend from July to December has a strong dip in August, seasonal variations indicate a linear increase from summer to autumn, and then a decline until winter. Almost identical values of chromium content were found, with the exception of May and November, when an insignificant decrease is observed, and in the annual course the maximum chromium content was recorded in 2008. The chromium content in atmospheric precipitation in the northern part of Tajikistan is slightly higher than in its southern and central regions.

Nickel. The nickel content in the soil of Tajikistan ranges from 8.85 ppm to 116 ppm, with an average value of 42 ppm. In the atmosphere, with dust haze, the nickel content ranges from 17 ppm to 78 ppm with an average value of 33.4 ppm. In aerosol samples in the city of Dushanbe, the nickel content is from 0.002 μg / m 3 to 0.023 μg / m 3 with an average value of 0.006 μg / m 3 , while the maximum value was determined during the DS period. The monthly variation in concentration is complex: a downward trend from July to December has a strong dip in August, seasonal variations indicate a linear increase from summer to autumn, and then a decline until winter. Variations in the nickel content in the atmosphere of the southern and central and in atmospheric precipitation in the northern regions of Tajikistan indicate that the maximum nickel value is in September, in the annual course, the maximum nickel content was recorded in 2008. The nickel content in atmospheric precipitation in the northern part of Tajikistan is almost twice as much as in its southern and central regions.

Strontium [17-21, 25]. In the composition of the soil of Tajikistan, the content of strontium is from 45 ppm to 458 ppm with an average value of 214 ppm. In the soils of the Pamirs, a high value of strontium was found - 1700 ppm. In the atmosphere with dust haze, the content of strontium is from 110 ppm to 416 ppm with an average value of 195 ppm. In aerosol samples in the city of Dushanbe, the strontium content ranges from 0.02 μg / m 3 to 0.264 μg / m 3 with an average value of 0.048 μg / m 3 . The monthly variation in concentration is complex: a downward trend from July to December has a strong dip in August, seasonal variations indicate a linear increase from summer to autumn, and then a decline until winter. When studying the variation in strontium content in the atmosphere of the southern, central and in atmospheric precipitation in the northern part of Tajikistan, the maximum value of strontium was established for May and November, in the annual course, the highest strontium content was recorded in 2009. The strontium content in atmospheric precipitation in the northern part of Tajikistan is almost twice as high as in its southern and central regions.

Vanadium [37]. The content of vanadium in the soil of Tajikistan is 3 ppm up to 208 ppm with an average value of 95 ppm. In the atmosphere with dust haze, the vanadium content is from 3 ppm up to 129 ppm with an average value of 70 ppm. In aerosol samples in the city of Dushanbe, the vanadium content ranges from 0 . 002 μg/m3 to 0 . 053 μg/m3 with an average value of 0 . 002 μg/m3 , with the maximum value determined during the DS period. The monthly course of concentration changes indicates a downward trend from July to December, with a strong dip in August, seasonal variations indicate a linear increase from summer to autumn, and then a decline until winter.

When studying the variation of vanadium content in the atmosphere of the southern, central and northern regions of Tajikistan , it was found that there is a maximum value vanadium for the months of May and November, in the annual course the maximum value of vanadium was recorded in 2007. The content of vanadium in atmospheric precipitation in the northern part of Tajikistan is practically higher than in its southern and central regions.

Zinc [38]. The content of zinc in the soil of Tajikistan is 29 ppm up to 395 ppm with an average value of 138 ppm. In the atmosphere with dust haze, the zinc content is from 50 ppm up to 685 ppm with an average value of 156 ppm. In the aerosol samples of the city of Dushanbe, the zinc content is from 0.059 μg / m 3 to 1.471 μg / m 3 with an average value of 0.417 μg / m 3 , while the maximum value is determined during the PB period. The monthly course of concentration variation is complex: the growth trend from July to September goes over to a gradual decline until December, there is a certain gap in October, seasonal variations indicate a linear increase from summer to autumn, and then a decline until winter. Variations in zinc content in the atmosphere of the southern, central and in atmospheric precipitation of the northern regions of Tajikistan revealed the maximum zinc content in April, May and November, in the annual course the maximum zinc value was recorded in 2013. The zinc content in atmospheric precipitation in the northern part of Tajikistan is much higher than in its southern and central regions.

Copper [14, 25]. In the soil of Tajikistan, the copper content ranges from 25 ppm to 299 ppm with an average value of 49 ppm. In the atmosphere during dust haze, the copper content ranges from 31 ppm to 204 ppm with an average value of 53 ppm. In aerosol samples in the city of Dushanbe, the copper content is estimated from 0.001 μg / m 3 to 0.026 μg / m 3 with an average value of 0.009 μg / m 3 , while the maximum value was determined during the DS  period. The monthly course of concentration variation is complex: the growth trend from July to August switches to a gradual decline until December, seasonal variations indicate a linear increase from summer to autumn, and then a decline until winter. Variations in copper content in the atmosphere of the southern, central and in atmospheric precipitation of the northern regions (c) of Tajikistan. The same values of copper content were found, except for May, when their values are much lower; in the annual course, the maximum values of copper content were recorded in 2010 and 2013. The copper content in atmospheric precipitation in the northern part of Tajikistan is much higher than in its southern and central regions.

Selenium. In aerosol samples in the city of Dushanbe, the selenium content ranges from 0.013 μg/m3 to 0.055 μg/m3 with  an average value of 0.030 μg/m3 , with the maximum value determined during the DS  period.

Cobalt [19, 32]. The cobalt content in the soil of Tajikistan ranges from 2 ppm to 44 ppm with an average value of 18 ppm. In the atmosphere during dust haze, the cobalt content ranges from 2 ppm to 28 ppm with an average value of 12 ppm. In aerosol samples in the city of Dushanbe, the cobalt content ranges from 0.002 μg/m3 to 0.058 μg/m3 with  an average value of 0.013 μg/m3 , with the maximum value determined during the DS period. The monthly variation in concentration is complex: a downward trend from July to December has a strong dip in August, seasonal variations indicate a linear increase from summer to autumn, and then a decline until winter. Analysis of variations in the cobalt content in the atmosphere of the southern, central and in atmospheric precipitation of the northern regions of Tajikistan indicates the same values of cobalt content, with the exception of May and November, when their values are much lower; in the annual course, the maximum value of cobalt was recorded in 2008 and 2010. The cobalt content in atmospheric precipitation of the northern part of Tajikistan is higher than in its southern and central regions.

Lead. The lead content in the soil of Tajikistan ranges from 14.7 ppm to 95.7 ppm with an average value of 27.17 ppm. In the atmosphere during dust haze, the lead content is determined at a level of 4.8 ppm to 232 ppm with an average value of 38.67 ppm. In aerosol samples in the city of Dushanbe, the lead content ranges from 0.018 to 0.216 μg/m3 with an average value of 0.079 μg/m3 , with the maximum value determined during the DS period. The monthly variation in concentration is complex: the growth trend from July to December has a strong dip in October, seasonal variations indicate a linear increase from summer to winter. Variations of lead in samples of southern, central and in samples of aerosol precipitation of northern regions of Tajikistan have the same values of lead for the month of November, in the annual course the maximum value of lead was recorded in 2007 and 2008. The concentration of lead in samples of aerosol precipitation of the northern part of Tajikistan is much higher than in its southern and central regions.

Germanium. In aerosol samples in the city of Dushanbe, the germanium content is estimated from 0.001 μg/m3 to 0.003 μg/m3 with  an average value of 0.002 μg/m3 , with the maximum value determined during the DS period.

Tin. In aerosol samples in the city of Dushanbe, the tin content ranges from 0.002 μg/m3 to 0.010 μg/m3 with  an average value of 0.006 μg/m3 , with the maximum value determined during the DS period.

Antimony. The monthly course of concentration change is complex: the growth trend is such that almost identical values from July to September are replaced by growth until December, seasonal variations indicate a linear growth from summer to winter. In aerosol samples in the city of Dushanbe, the antimony content is estimated from 0.001 μg/m3 to 0.005 μg/m3 with an average value of 0.003 μg/m3 , with the maximum value determined during the DS  period.

Gallium. In aerosol samples in Dushanbe, gallium content is estimated from 0.003 μg/m3 to 0.019 μg/m3 with  an average value of 0.007 μg/m3 , with the maximum value determined during the DS period. The monthly course of concentration variation is complex: linear growth from July to September is replaced by a decline until December, seasonal variations indicate a linear growth from summer to autumn, and then a decline until winter.

Bromine. In aerosol samples in Dushanbe, the bromine content ranges from 0.007 μg/m3 to 0.050 μg/m3 with  an average value of 0.017 μg/m3 , with the maximum value determined during the DS period. The monthly course of concentration variation is complex: the growth trend is such that almost identical values from July to October are replaced by growth until December, seasonal variations indicate a parabolic growth from summer to winter.

Cesium. In aerosol samples in the city of Dushanbe, the cesium content is estimated from 0.001 μg/m3 to 0.021 μg/m3 with an average value of 0.009 μg/m3 , with the maximum value determined during the DS  period,

Barium. In aerosol samples in Dushanbe, the barium content is estimated from 0.001 μg/m3 to 0.413 μg/m3 with  an average value of 0.094 μg/m3 , with the maximum value determined during the DS period. The monthly course of concentration variation is complex: a downward trend from July to December has a strong dip in August, seasonal variations indicate a linear increase from summer to autumn, and then a decline until winter.

Silver. In aerosol samples in the city of Dushanbe, the silver content is estimated from 0.001 μg/m3 to 0.004 μg/m3 with  an average value of 0.003 μg/m3 , with the maximum value determined during the DS  period.

Arsenic [19]. In the soil of Tajikistan, the arsenic content is estimated from 2 ppm to 266 ppm with an average value of 67 ppm. In the atmosphere during dust haze, the arsenic content is from 4.86 ppm to 154 ppm with an average value of 22.8 ppm. In aerosol samples in the city of Dushanbe, the arsenic content is from 0.004 μg/m3 to 0.026 μg/m3 with  an average value of 0.01 μg/m3 , with the maximum value determined during the DS period. The monthly course of changes in arsenic concentration is complex, the growth trend is such that almost identical values from July to October are replaced by growth until December, seasonal changes indicate a parabolic growth from summer to winter. Changes in the arsenic content in the atmosphere of the southern and central regions and in atmospheric precipitation in the northern regions of Tajikistan indicate the same values of arsenic content for the month of November, in the annual course the maximum value of arsenic was recorded in 2008. The arsenic content in atmospheric precipitation in the northern part of Tajikistan is much higher than in its southern and central regions.

Manganese [25, 44, 45]. In the soil of Tajikistan, the manganese content ranges from 247 ppm to 3700 ppm with an average value of 793 ppm. In the atmosphere during dust haze, the manganese content ranges from 232 ppm to 980 ppm with an average value of 643 ppm. In aerosol samples in the city of Dushanbe, the manganese content ranges from 0.004 μg / m 3 to 0.526 μg / m 3 with an average value of 0.119 μg / m 3 , while the maximum value was determined during the DS  period. The monthly course of concentration changes is complex: the downward trend from July to December has a strong dip in August, seasonal changes indicate a linear increase from summer to autumn, and then a decline until winter. The variations of manganese in the atmosphere of the southern, central and in atmospheric precipitation of the northern regions of Tajikistan indicate close values of manganese content for November. In the annual cycle, the maximum value of manganese was recorded in 2007. The content of manganese in atmospheric precipitation in the northern part of Tajikistan is slightly higher than in its southern and central regions.

Cadmium. In aerosol samples in the city of Dushanbe, the content of the element cadmium is estimated from 0.004 μg/m3 to 0.013 μg/m3 with  an average value of 0.008 μg/m3 , with the maximum value determined during the DS period.

REVIEWER: Ruziev J.R.,

Doctor of Technical Sciences,

Professor

 

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SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATION OF THE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL IN TAJIKISTAN

The article presents the results of a study of the elemental composition of atmospheric aerosol in Dushanbe during dust invasions. The spatiotemporal distribution of chemical elements in atmospheric aerosol and soil in Tajikistan is also considered. Southern and Central Tajikistan is subject to dust invasions every year from April to November. In addition to this, enterprises in this region, such as a cement plant, thermal power plant and housing and communal services, constantly use coal as a raw material, so the increase in the content of chemical elements in the atmosphere is apparently associated with the chemical composition of burned coal, and it makes a certain contribution to atmospheric pollution.

Key words: aerosol pollution of the atmosphere, correlation coefficient, concentration of solid particles, dust storm, dust haze.

 

Information about the authors:  Abdullaev Sabur Fuzailovich – Head of the Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics of the Physical-Technical Institute named S.U.Umarov, NAST, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor. Address: 734063, Dushanbe, Tajikistan, Aini Ave., 299/1. Phone: (+992) 934896014. E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..

 Azizova Shukrona Mukhamedovna – Atmospheric Physics of the Physical-Technical Institute named S.U.Umarov, NAST, Ph.D. Address: 734063, Dushanbe, Tajikistan, Aini Ave., 299/1. Phone: (+992) 938667766. E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.. 

Abdulloeva Sarvinoz Jamshedovna – Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics of the Physical-Technical Institute named S.U. Umarov, NAST, Ph.D. Address: 734063, Dushanbe, Tajikistan, Aini Ave., 299/1. Phone: (+992) 927362200. E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..

 Kholmurodov Mehrafzun –Physical-Technical Institute named S.U. Umarov, NAST, Ph.D. Address: 734063, Dushanbe, Tajikistan, Aini Ave., 299/1. Phone: (+992) 987813838. E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..  

Article received 10.06.2024

Approved after review 29.08.2024

Accepted for publication 23.09.2024

   
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